historically incorrect..

      Apart from mugged up text books people scarcely know anything about Gandhi and are largely ignorant and/or misinformed about him. Here are a few popular opinions that I think don't go well with facts.

1. Gandhi was responsible for the partition of India.

      I have encountered this allegation several times but, as a rule, it is never followed by supportive evidence. Ask an RSS ideologue and he would perhaps be of this opinion. Ramchandra Guha-an eminent historian attributes the partition of India to three factors first, Jinnah and muslim league, second British Raj, third Congress itself. Congress, because of it's lack of foresight in tackling Jinnah, it undermined Jinnah and his influence. But Guha also notes that 'some moves of Jinnah defied every other explanation for partition except his own will'. So responsibility of partition mainly rests upon the shoulders of Jinnah(not even Muslim league because all lower ranks of Muslim league were not so staunch believers as Jinnah in two nation theory). Even when it comes to congress Gandhi himself, against the opinion of Congress, had always sought to persuade Jinnah. Few examples might suffice here. First, when Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed(around 1931 after dandi-march) he made sure that Jinnah is released from jail. Second, when quit India movement took place he approached Jinnah for conciliation between league and Congress(which Jinnah denied). Apart from this there are glaringly conspicuous facts which supports that far away from being a cause of partition he was, on the contrary, the most vehement opponent of partition plan to the effect that he even proposed that Jinnah be made the prime minister of united independent India if he abandoned partition. He even broke up with congress when it supported partition plan.

2. He choose Nehru over Patel for the Prime ministerial post of India out of his personal preference.

      Yes there was an element of personal preference but there were also serious considerations behind it. Rajmohan Gandhi in his biography of Patel throws light on some of it.

(1).Nehru had more public appeal than Patel especially among Muslims and youth, clearly Nehru was more popular.

(2). Only Patel could have accepted second place not Nehru, Nehru could potentially have seceded from Congress and made his separate party if he had not been made the prime minister. And in that turbulent times political stability was much essensial.

      Apart from that Nehru over Patel controversy is given more attention than necessary, Nehru was made PM in the cabinet of Interim Government only and thereafter in all subsequent elections he was voted by 'people' not by Gandhi as the PM. But the speculations will never end as to the alternative flow of history that might have taken place had Patel been chosen by Gandhi. But the speculations are not the part of history let it be handled by fairy-tale makers and astrologers.

3. India become Independent not by the struggles of Indians but because of the decolonization policy of the Britain.

      This is a half-truth. Britain was almost bankrupt after the world war 2, and as a result she was unable to handle the countries that where not economically beneficial so she wound up from the countries that were not fruitful. But India was not a bankrupt country like zimbabwe or other African countries, it was a country full of resources. True that after world war Britain was not much interested in colonies, but that doesn't automatically lead to her overnight departures from colonies. See the chronology of decolonization, the last colony Hong Kong was handed over to china as late as in 1997/98 and many other were freed in sixties also. So it can be safely said that while India didn't cause the departure of Raj it definitely hastened it.

      Then there is another myth that Britan left India not due to quit India movement but due to the naval mutiny that took place in the February of 1946. A difference of date might clear the the confusion, the announcement of the arrival of a delegation of three persons to handle the issue of India(it was a foreshadow of British departure) was telegrammed from England on 14th Jan,1946 and the mutiny broke out in the second week of February.

      Apart from this whole mumbo-jumbo there is some value of indian struggle in itself not just as a means to achieve independence. In 1857 mutiny, the fighters were mainly soldiers not common man and those soldiers too had fought not out of nationalistic vigor but out of purely religious sentiments. i.e. enfield riffle. A common farmer,a merchant,a businessman was not mobilized in this mutiny, they didn't sought the freedom, freedom was not much awaited, much sought after and much valued. A majority of Indians was unperturbed by the mutiny. The mass behavior was totally different in 1947, millions had participated in civil disobedience, dandi march,quit india(more than one lakh had gone to jail in quit India only). This time the underlying current was mainly nationalistic. And in this situation when independance arrived it was like a feast for the hungry. And this mass transformation, If I've understood correctly, we owe to Gandhi.

4. He used his weapon of fast against India when he fasted for the release of 55 crores which India withheld against Pakistan.

few things to say..(keep in mind that the money had to be given sooner or later to Pak because it was theirs after all)

(1) To compel the government for the release of money was not the main reason for his fast, the main reason was to restore Hindu-Muslim unity in Delhi. And the issue of 55 crore was greatly magnified due to the stereotyped love of sensationalism in Indians. That the government conceded to Gandhi's demand over money on 14th Jan 1946, but he broke his fast on 17th Jan only, testifies the above contention.

(2) Going by purely utilitarian way of thinking(which majority do) it can be maintained that his fast didn't really make any difference to Indian status quo. Because Pakistan was really on the verge of bankruptcy and after receiving the money it did not use it to resume the war against India(which was the main concern of government), so the fear of Congress was eventually turned out to be baseless. And even the idea of blackmailing Pakistan over Kashmir issue was futile given the furor over the issue in Pakistani mindset. And many scholars also argue that it was ethically/diplomatically wrong to withhold their share(including erstwhile governor general Mountbatten).

(3) One objective of his fast was also that all the mosques and homes of Muslims who have fled Pakistan and who wanted to return, should be vacated by Sikh refugees who had occupied them. This made him quite notorious among Sikhs and by many he was regarded as a pro-Muslim and it provided one more reason to his assassin to kill him. Now another side of the coin. He also wanted to restore all the refugees fled from Pakistan, he endeavored to march into Pakistan by foot followed by all the refugees. But Jinnah, his biggest enemy denied him entry into his country. His newspaper dawn said that people would kill him if he stepped on Pakistani soil. Now see the turn of events, Gandhi fasted for the release of money and it created great sympathy for him in Pakistan, telegrams flooded in Delhi from Pakistan asking what they could do to save fasting Gandhi. Jinnah softened though reluctant, allowed his enemy an entry into his country. He was resolved to leave for Pakistan just after few days of his death and live there forever to ensure the safety of his fellow countrymen(read Hindus). But before he could embark upon his great endeavor he was alas, killed. It can never be said surely whether this consideration was in his mind or not but it surely helped him in achieving his goal.

PS: I can point out the source of all the factual information given above if doubted.

Rationalization....oh no please.

Perhaps the single thing that outrages me most is a rationalization. I can, in my good days, sympathize to crime, robbery, corruption, hypocrisy or even fanaticism but rationalizations are something that makes me crazy, it sucks all my equanimity out of me. I abhor all rationalizations. Rationalization (confused? don't misconstrue it with relation to rationality) is a kind of pseudo-reasoning that apparently seems true but beneath it lies sheer prejudice or in some cases vested interests of those who put it. Rationalization is an intentional/unintentional effort to exploit methods of logical reasoning in order to achieve personal ends. Its a massacre of proper reasoning. Ayn Rand explains it quite nicely, there are two kinds of what generally passes as truths, one is called 'metaphysically given' and the other 'man-made'. For example, The sun is metaphysically given hence it has to be accepted as it is, you can make fairy tells around the sun but can't deny the existence of it, it is there whether you accept or not. On the contrary the concept that heavens (or hells for that matter) exist is purely man-made, it is not given in nature or if it is given by chance we mankind has yet no demonstrable evidence about it, so at best we are ignorant about the existence of heavens, and in this condition to accept the notions of heaven as truth is purely man-made and technically irrational. In it's general application, in order to ascertain veracity of a belief, it is assessed in light of 'metaphysically given' things if our belief can be made to correspond with what is metaphysically given, our beliefs are true otherwise only mane-made crap. The corollary that can be drawn from this is that, question everything assume nothing and the truth will come to you effortlessly.

Examples of some broadly accepted rationalizations.

1. " shorter clothes makes a girl vulnerable to rapists so more a girl is covered safer she is. "
This gibberish is well known in private but I have heard it publicly being projected in a speech of Dr.Zakir Naik(if you don't know him he is a modern,educated orthodox Muslim. sounds like pravin togadia huh?). This is sheer ignorance of criminal psychology or common sense or both. This reveals strong prejudice of a male dominated society toward females, this kind of beliefs are just a tool at males' disposal to subjugate women. Actually an exact opposite psychology works in a criminal's mind. They tend to find a 'soft target', a shy, timid girl who at first don't resist much while being raped and second don't run into a police station to lodge an FIR. I do not say that this happens in all the cases but this psychology also constitute a rapist's motives and you can never know which one is working when, a tendency to find a sexier victim or a safer one.

This was an information based correction in a fallacious reasoning and not all have that information, but all do have common sense and anyone who lacks it better migrate to some other world. OK statistically in India every year deaths occurring by road accidents far outnumbers incidents of rapes. So according to probability, when a son rides the bike he is more likely to die or suffer serious injuries than a daughter be raped. And here comes the manifestations of a double-standard society a father will never really demand that his son ride bike slowly(or if demands, often its only perfunctory) on the other hand he will show great intolerance towards his daughter's dressings. why so? perhaps a mixture of love of power and fear to lose social pride should the girl get actually raped(and characteristically both the reasons don't have to do anything with daughter's betterment).

2."During their cycles women feel uneasy all the day therefore men in ancient India disallowed them to do any household chores during periods and this adversely evolved into total isolation of woman during periods"
well, well who believes this? if the pioneers of this custom were really concerned about women rather than their self-interests, there were hundreds of other ways to accomplish the same thing. I don't know how well spread is this practise in India but it is well spread at least in my community, although in its minor or less severe form. Now-a-days woman are only kept away from gods and all religious worshiping during periods, but nevertheless the practice is totally irrational and above mentioned justification is only a lame defence of Indian culture.

3. "Untouchability started because the toilet washers used to be very unhygienic, full of germs and they due to their regular exposures to such filth, developed their immune system so well that they become immune to adverse effects of such germs but we the common people(read elite) do not have such powerful immune system so our ancestors thought it better to be away from them."
Another lame defence of Indian culture and lineage. And I seriously doubt the scientific base for this sophistry. If untouchability was the necessary step to be taken to obviate health disaster, how could non-Indian culture survived without untouchability? History do not show us any example of civilizations fatally affected by the lack of untouchability nor does India show any sign of extraordinary salubriousness in her civilization due to presence of it.


"fighting for peace is like fucking for virginity"-from internet

A misplaced criticism.

Critiques are fun to read,they give you insight into the matters and shows you the less seen side of the matters, they explore what might have been missed by your less analytical/knowledgeable mind. Similar kind of critiques I came across to read at three different places First, in the famous Gujarati magazine 'Safari', Second in the autobiography of now dejected/rejected L.K.Advani, Third in the book titled 'India after Gandhi' by eminent historian Ramchandra Guha. All pointed to the same story and rendered same conclusions namely the notorious incident when in the year 1951 Somnath Temple was reconstructed and was inaugurated by then the president of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru protested the move of Dr. Rajendra Prasad to inaugurate the Somnath Temple because he believed that by doing that Dr. Rajendra Prasad was violating the policy of secularism of the state by actively participating into the religious activity of the people as an incumbent of the presidency. And here comes the whole universe of criticism on Nehru for his so called allergy-towards-hinduism gesture. Dr. Rajendra Prasad when protested by Nehru replied that he was not becoming pro-hindu and he would have also attended the inauguration of a mosque or a Gurudwara or a synagogue if invited. It was a master stroke from Dr.Prasad if we consider the tone of critiques. Nehru believed that President should not attend any religious ceremony officially in contrast Dr.Prashad believed that the President should attend every religious ceremony. Our above mentioned critics speak in the favor of Dr.Prasad and severely criticizes Nehru for his allergy toward religions. The views of the magazine Safari and L.K. Advani can be understood because the former is covertly and the latter is overtly saffron colored. The case of Ramchandra Guha is curious he calls himself 'nehruvian' and yet he seems to have criticized him.

Majority will believe the view of Dr.Prasad to be just and a few will believe both views to be equally right. I believe the Nehruvian view to be the only correct option. Let us rephrase both of the views Dr.Prasad's view is "the government should belong to(or practice) every religion." and the Nehru's "The governmentn should belong to(or practice) no religion." both are equally good if life is perfect. But if we consider the rightness of any view on the basis of the consequences it effects I favor Nehruvian view. If the ministers have the right to participate in any religious ceremony they will inevitably tend to favor their own religions, not to mention its the direct connection with vote bank politics. And if you happen to live in Gujarat you can't fail to notice the trend. I attended, when I was in highschool, a congregation at a temple at my home town and the invitee was the CM, Narendra Modi. And there is a rule of thumb that you can't glorify a religion on its own merit, you have to do it by belittling the other religions and that religion too must not be the geographically farther one because it doesn't give you any political mileage. What a waste of time would it be if you compare hindusm with Confucianism practiced in China. So the favorite option was the Islam he maligned that religion obliquely. On the other hand imagine if any minister is not allowed to participate in any religious ceremony or something like that, no religious mud-slinging and no provocation take place. And this kind of approach is particularly necessary in the pluralistic society as ours. Religion must must be considered as one's private affairs and the state has nothing to do with it at all. If one wants to go to Mecca-Medina it strictly is the kind of foreign tourism and the facilities provided should be on a par with any normal traveling. The plethora of problems start when state recognizes the religions as something non-private like schooling and employment. In the Nehruvian view people will eventually have to accept that their feelings are confined within their neural networks and the outside world bears no concern for it. We are going on the exact opposite trend people believe that their feelings are universal and as believable as E=mc^2 and how can the other people not feel the same? And here starts everything from religious bigotry to multiform civil code. So the big trouble is multi-religious government and the first step towards the solution is to get the government ordained in total atheism.



"I bless the the reconstruction of Somnath temple but the fund for the reconstruction must be raised from the community only not from the state"
- The immortal wisdom from the Mahatma Gandhi(recalling from memory not ad verbatim)

Mundane affairs, let it remain mundane....

      Ok so the story goes like this, the other day I went to Gujarat University reading room at about 10 in the morning. While entering into the library I was stopped by the desk clerk, and was asked to show my i-card, I went to the desk but when I was taking out my wallet for the i-card, I heard him say “what are you wearing? With this type of clothes, you are not allowed to enter. Go and get it changed and then come.” I was startled by his rebuke, I realized I had put on a 3/4th pants, and to this pants he had an objection. It was scorching heat outside and another round trip to my hostel would cost me 2kms, so sensing the imminent dehydration I urged him to let me come in only this time and promised him to be cautious from next time,

“sir please let me go inside for today only, I would certainly be cautious from tomorrow, I am coming from far away” I requested.

“so what even if you are coming from Gandhinagar?, rule is rule, this is the temple of education, tomorrow you will come wearing underwear only.” he said, totally unmoved and indifferent to my troubles.

I was fuming. First, because that moron doesn’t know the difference between 3/4th pants and a mere underwear. Second, because I couldn’t understand what the hell was the connection between being in an education institution and wearing comfortable clothes? Girls were openly allowed to wear 3/4ths. And how on earth can it be possible that when a girl shows her legs it’s within the decorum of the library and when boys do the same it becomes downright obscenity. Perhaps they don’t like the legs of boys because they are hairy but my legs were not so hairy (FYI: the librarian was a female, and that too a fastidious one I infer). We argue with each other for next 5 odd minutes but all was in vain. But I could not quit or say I could not afford to quit.

“ I am ready to give my apology in written if you let me in.” I said finally.

“Don’t argue with me go to librarian m’am she will answer you.” Expectedly he remained unmoved.

      We went into the library building to meet mrs.librarian , unfortunately librarian had not yet come. So he told me to wait outside until she comes. I waited for a few minutes; meanwhile I found no person sitting at the desk and slipped into the reading room hurriedly. My wish to meet the female librarian of the Gujarat University library in her office in a 3/4th pants thus remained unfulfilled.


      Now why did I bother to write about this apparently trivial incident? Reason is simple, I hate this kind of senselessness and I want to express my trouble at the top of my lung. People go to the reading room in order to read properly and that should be the only thing what matters, and somehow people are a lot with ease in their 3/4ths. If one can wear something in day-to-day life without getting the eyes frowned upon, why can’t he wear the same in the reading rooms? Nobody is going to come into the library and take his photographs and publish them into the next day’s news paper. And in general what the hell is the relation between good education and a particular type of clothing? Einstein could have found equally good theories in pyjamas, or Hubble could have found Hubble’s law in a chaddi if they wished so. Then why do we need this martinet discipline in our education institutions? Strict discipline may be necessary for the defense forces but for all general students it’s an unbearable tyranny. Excessive discipline of excessive liberty both hinders the healthy development of a student. The root of this entire misconception lies in our stereotypes about the education, if you ask me. We consider education as divine and the teachers as corresponding deities and Indians have intrinsic propensity to screw up whatever they consider divine, look at all the famous shrines, look at the condition of sacred rivers, look at the big religious gatherings and you will understand my point. We consider short/fashionable clothing as an evil permeated by west and bollywood, and our divinity has two peculiar aspects, First it should be impervious for western influence and Second it must not be maligned by fashion, however it is perfectly allowable to make one’s life akin to hell. Thanks to the crazy influence of ancient Vedas that we senselessly believe that education must be taken in total asceticism, student can’t have fun while studying because all kind of fun deviates him from the education. These idiots cant understand that the uncontrollable longing for the fun(mobiles,bikes,fashionable clothes etc.) also deviates a student from the study. These idiots can’t understand the difference between moderation and excess, gourmet and gourmand. Excess is bad whether it’s in indulgence or in prohibition. Prohibition is not a viable solution where regulation is needed. Look at the students in west, they do everything during their schooling from sex to parties and yet they give the kind of the results not even remotely imaginable from our students. There is a good way to change towards betterment, remove the status of education as a divine thing and treat it as a mundane affair, stop worshipping the deities of education and start revering the greatest scientists, leaders, writers, artists. And above all stop glorifying the virtue of faith and start glorifying the virtue of questioning. Ok I think it’s too far I’ve digressed from the main topic. So let us finish.

The virtue of Sleep

      Sleeping might serve the biological purpose but it also has the latent potential to serve an equally important social purpose. This purpose has never manifested itself considerably chiefly because of the untold harm inflicted upon it throughout the annals of mankind. Sleeping is the greatest virtue if you ask me love,honesty,altruism,kindness all conventionally so cherished the virtues seem dwarfed against it. Why? What's so special? OK let me start from somewhere, for example, primordial man didn't get any spare time, all day he searched for food,female and ate the food he collected. Gradually our primordial men due to his intellects devised techniques that reduced his drudgery and he started producing crops in less and less time and that too far more than he required, thus he started getting idle, experienced anything called boredom which otherwise was alien to him. He had two concerns side by side, first to kill his time and second to do something of the excessive crops he cultivated. So he started exchanging his extra crops for what he thought would help him kill the time i.e some thought living in a good hut would make him happier and if he is happy he would not feel boredom. Thus his anthropology changed our primordial man evolved into what is today called as 'social animal'. And still he is in quest to find more and more means to kill the boredom rightly justifying what Bertrand Russel said "To get out of the boredom, would be the greatest invention of mankind"

     But in this entire fuss men forget that their main purpose was to kill boredom. And sleeping is the other and perhaps better alternative to serve that purpose. If people develop a habit of sleeping(it's hard but my personal experience says its not that hard) when idle, all the civil problems resulting from the hyperactivity will eventually die out(though I don't guarantee other problems will not come out). Imagine a world where people sleep instead of rioting, instead of protesting violently, instead of killing each other, instead of the nations waging war with one another. Governments particularly like this idea because when people sleep they don't ask for water, they don't ask for employment, they don't ask for exam delay. So the Governments, instead of funding for temples and all craps, should develop sleeping shrines where people can sleep for unlimited times. An idiotic utopia may it seem but what better is our present world to forbid this experiment.

     But, hell this world has always been and will always be ruled by all the insomniacs. They will never sleep and never let others sleep. They will shout slogans in commercials to wake us up, they write poetry which spread the message of vigilance, they inflict lessons of wakefulness in the vulnerable minds of children, they will sing the virtues of wakefulness. But then who cares? The Snoozers don't retaliate because for even the retaliation you need to abandon sleep. The entire existence of the universe doesn't bother you once you fall asleep. If sleep is half-death, you half-reincarnate every morning.



     "I arise in the morning torn between a desire to improve the world and a desire to enjoy the world. This makes it hard to plan the day."

_ E. B. White

(PS: IF you've followed me upto this line congrats for your patience and If any of the above lines stood convincing to you, you are a MORON.)

Astrology...a science?

      I acutely remember that when the earthquake hit Gujarat and devastated the entire villages and towns, I had often read in news papers that such and such astrologer had forecast the disaster in such and such daily. That this kind of claims are largely entertained by Indian people,it is evident by the huge success of astrologers like Bejan Daruwala and others. People are so eager to know about their future that huge attention has been paid to the sms schemes of the cellphone companies which delivers daily horoscopes from the expert astrologers. I, myself does not have any faith in astrology and often I fall into the debate with the people believing the otherwise. I have come across various arguments in favor of the astrology, many of them can be easily discarded with a little effort but some are hard to answer. First and foremost the conspicuous fact is that the entire supposed science of astrology is based upon the belief that the earth is the center the universe, but that according to proponents does not falsify the veracity of astrology because by that way even the Indian calender system is based upon the same conception of earth. Then there is the most eloquent of all arguments, they say astrology had been a well developed science in ancient times(of course in India), But now-a-day due to the invasion of foreign rules the knowledge about that ancient science has faded away and what remains is the present vague form of astrology, so on the basis of that vague science we can't predict anything exactly. These kind of arguments are very hard to counter because the other person is giving the evidences which can not be disproved. At a first thought this statement seems true because Indians were fond of not doing any documentation of whatsoever was worthwhile. Ancient Indian civilization was not like Romanian or Greek which had documented too many things. But given an afterthought these kind of defense does not have any value. Suppose that the ancient Indians had a well established science of astrology, now it can be assumed that at least few noble men like today's scientists were the masters of astrology and thus were able to predict every event including floods,disasters, external invasion in advance. Then why those omniscient masters could not help save their land from external invasion like mughal?, why the masters could not prevent the the deterioration of their science of astrology? So many good or bad things can be done if you know the future, but so far as we know the history nothing that much extraordinary happened. Now the proponents again will argue that there must have been a purpose in their mind to let the history being shaped like what we see it now and we don't know that purpose for the same reason we don't know about astrology. There is no limit to this kind of debate because the context is history and a life long prejudice.

     At the firmest of my belief I can say that astrology is just a mix of probability and a guess work using common sense. So astrology is as much a science as any good guess work can be or any seasoned stockbroker's forecasting can be.

“Respect to diversity” a practice long forgotten…….

 

     A simple question: “what makes a good society?” A simple answer: “good people.” Another simple question: “what makes good people?” and there is no simple answer to this question. Two news events are hitting the headlines now a day first about manglore pub event and second, the arrest of a couple (married) kissing in public. And a lot many headlines are expected to come on 14th Feb as usual. From these headlines a new word has also been added to my English vocabulary and that is “moral police.” As if shiv sevaks were not enough for good of the society that another ram sevaks have also come into scene. As a student of college I am aware of valentine’s day fever taking on over the college campus. I have also seen volunteers distributing pamphlets requesting students not to celebrate valentine’s day and to protect our culture from invasion of western culture. Do these guardians of the Indian culture truly love our culture (for now suppose that there convictions about culture is true and there attitude is justified)? Are they really benevolent by heart towards Indian culture and the only wrong matter is just that they are violent and dogmatic? Well again a tough question to answer. But to me it seems that there is some another thing cooking behind this fervor. I have also seen women distributing pamphlets and protesting against valentine’s day celebration. There was one thing in common among all those protesting women, they all were strikingly ugly, without a single visible attribute of womanlike tenderness. And probably there lies a real reason behind their cries, that reason is not the sense of culture but its rather psychological. These women must be the women who have not get any attention of men in their adolescent and that teenage deprivation of love affair and teenage fun has been converted into a sense of utter jealously and that sense of utter jealously, not the concern for culture, is the prime motive behind this outwardly seeming culture keeping activity.

      This is the case of women I don’t know the case of men but the first conspicuous motive for them is the power and fame which they would get from these activities another motive may (whenever I use ‘may’, actually I am tempted to use ‘must’ but I can’t as I don’t have documented, tangible proof to justify my point. Ha ha this is pretty like softwares that are not open source and you have to guess only about what is running behind?) be the unemployment because you can’t go for ‘dharnas’ on working hour unless you are unemployed(this reason equally applies to rioters also). And I bet that all these sevaks have ugly wives back at their home and they have unhappy and UNROMANTIC marriage life. As in women’s case this unromantic life creates envy of others happy and romantic lives. Let whatever be the issue about the society or about culture there is one question everyone should ask to themselves “Is the culture meant for the good of people? Or are the people meant for the good of culture? Who comes first?”. At least i am pro-life, pro-fun....Have a happy and safe valentine’s day in advance…..